Intercultural Politeness and Impoliteness: A Case of Iranian Students with Malaysian Professors

Document Type : Research Article

Author

University of Bayreuth, Germany

Abstract

Evaluations of polite, impolite and over-polite linguistic and nonlinguistic behaviors depend largely on the socio-cultural attributes of a society and the individuals’ schemata, which are rooted in the communicators’ previous experiences. In intercultural settings, communication represents a complicated picture due to the participants’ different socio-cultural backgrounds and their unshared cultural schemata. Adopting the discursive approach to (im)politeness and employing ethnographic methods, this study identifies some significant sources of (im)politeness-related miscommunication between 10 Malaysian university lecturers/professors and 15 Iranian students. The findings suggest that different socio-cultural behaviors as well as some aspects of professional practices are the sources of misunderstanding and have potential for either impolite or over-polite judgments. Findings are discussed in light of the practical and theoretical implications for intercultural politeness and impoliteness.

Keywords


Amouzadeh, M., & Tavangar, M. (2005). Sociolinguistic transfer. The case of Persian speakers in Australia. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 147, 63-77.
Arundale, R. (2010). Constituting face in conversation: face, facework, and interactional achievement. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 2078–2105.
Arundale, R. (2020). Communicating and relating: Constituting face in everyday interacting. Oxford University Press.
Beeman, W. O. (1986). Language, status and power in Iran. Indiana University Press.
Beeman, W. (2017). TAʿAROF: Encyclopedia Iranica, online edition, 2017, available at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/taarof
Clark, H. H. (1996). Using language. Cambridge University Press.
Cresswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approaches. Sage.
Culpeper, J. (1996). Towards anatomy of impoliteness. Journal of Pragmatics, 25, 349-367.
Culpeper, J., & Haugh, M. (2020). The metalinguistics of offence in (British) English: A corpus-based metapragmatic approach. Journal of Language, Aggression and Conflict, 9(3), 185-214.
Drew, P., & Heritage, J. (1992). Talk at work: Interaction in institutional setting. Cambridge University Press.
Eelen, G. (2001). A critique of politeness theories. St. Jerome.
Ellis, R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition. Oxford University Press.
Hallajian, A. (2014). Politeness in request to supervisors in emails (Unpublished MA Thesis). University of Malaya.
Haugh, M. (2015). Intercultural im/politeness and the micro-macro issue. In A. Trosborg (Eds.), Pragmatics across languages and cultures. Mouton de Gruyter.
Herring, S. C. (2007). A faceted classification scheme for computer-mediated discourse. Language@Internet 4.
Hymes, D. (1974). On communicative competence. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Ide, S. (1989). Formal forms and discernment: two neglected aspects of universals of linguistic politeness. Multilingua 8, 223–248.
Ishihara, N. (2010). Compliments and responses to compliments: Learning communication in context. In A. Martinez Flor & E. Osu Yuan (Eds.), Speech act performance: Theoretical empirical and methodological issues (pp. 179-198), John Benjamins.
Izadi, A. (2013). Politeness in spoken review genre: Dissertation defences in focus. Pertanika: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 21(4), 1327-1346.
Izadi, A. (2014). Mixed messages in criticisms in Iranian PhD dissertation defences. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Professional Practice, 11, 3, 270-291.
Izadi, A. (2015). Persian honorifics and im/politeness as social practice. Journal of Pragmatics, 85, 81-91.  
Izadi, A. (2016). Over-politeness in Persian professional interactions. Journal of Pragmatics, 102, 13-23.
Izadi, A. (2017a). Turn taking, preference and face in Iranian dissertation defences. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics, 8(1), 72-88.
Izadi, A. (2017b). Culture-generality and culture-specificity of face: Insights from argumentative talk in Iranian dissertation defenses. Pragmatics and Society, 8(2), 208-230.
Izadi, A. (2018). The epistemic grounds of face in institutional argumentative talk-in-interaction. Journal of Pragmatics, 134, 45-56.
Izadi, A. (2019). Kavoshi bar vejheh dar taarof e Irani (in Persian: An investigation of face in taarof). Linguistic Research, 10(19), 67-72.
Jenkins, J. (2007). English as a lingua franca: attitude and identity. Oxford University Press.
Kádár, D., & Mills, S. (Eds.) (2011). Politeness in East Asia. Cambridge University Press.
Kádár, D., & Haugh, M. (2013). Understanding politeness. Cambridge University Press.
Keshavarz, M., H. (1988). Forms of address in post-revolutionary Iranian Persian. A sociolinguistic analysis. Language in Society, 17, 565­-575.
Koutlaki, S. A. (2002). Offers and expressions of thanks as face enhancing acts: Tæ'arof in Persian. Journal of Pragmatics, 34. 1733-1756.
Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. Longman.
Locher, M., & Watts. R. (2005). Politeness theory and relational work. Journal of Politeness: Language, Behavior, Culture, 1, 9-33.
Lorenzo-dus, N., & Bou-Franch, P. (2013). A cross-cultural investigation of email communication in Peninsular Spanish and British English – The role of (in)formality and (in)directness. Pragmatics and Society, 4(1), 1-25.
Mao, L. R. (1994). Beyond politeness theory: ‘Face’ revisited and renewed. Journal of Pragmatics, 21, 451–486.
Markez-Reiter, R. (2021). How can ethnography contribute to understanding of (im)politeness? Journal of Politeness Research: Language, Behavior, Culture, 17(1), 35–59.
Matsumoto, Y. (1988). Reexamination of the universality of face: Politeness phenomena in Japanese. Journal of Pragmatics, 12(4), 403–426.
Mills, S. (2003). Gender and politeness. Cambridge University Press.
Nwoye, O. G. (1992). Linguistic politeness and sociocultural variations of the notion of face. Journal of Pragmatics, 18, 309–328.
Parker-Jenkins, M. (2018). Mind the gap: developing the roles, expectations and boundaries in the doctoral supervisor–supervisee relationship. Studies in Higher Education, 43(1), 57-71.
Sharifian, F. (2008). Cultural schemas in L1 and L2 compliment responses: A study of Persian-speaking learners of English. Journal of Politeness Research, 4(1), 55-80.
Spencer-Oatey, H. (2005) (Im)Politeness, face and perceptions of rapport: Unpackaging their bases and interrelationships. Journal of Politeness Research, 1(1), 95–119.
Spencer-Oatey, H., & Kádár, D. (2016). The bases of (im)politeness evaluations: Culture, the moral order and the East-West debate. East Asian Pragmatics, 1(1), 1-24.
Terkourafi, M. (2005). An argument for a frame-based approach to politeness: Evidence from the use of the imperative in Cypriot Greek. In R. Lakoff & S. Ide, (Eds.), Broadening the horizon of linguistic politeness (pp. 99-117). John Benjamins.
Watts, R. J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge University Press.
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning and identity. Cambridge University Press.
Young, R. F. (2008). Language and interaction. Routledge.
Yazdani, S., & Alimorad, Z. (2022). Discursive construction of master’s students’ scholarly position during supervisory interactions: An Appraisal Theory approach. Journal of Research in Applied Linguistics, 13(1), 15-30.
Zeff, B. (2016). The pragmatics of greetings: Teaching speech act in the EFL classroom. English Teaching Forum, 54(1), 2-11.